Introduction: Present tense is used to give background information and explain research purposes. Modal verbs are used to suggest values of the research.

Litrerature reiview: Simple past tense and passive voice are the most frequent, especially for referring to individual works. Present perfect tense is commonly used when the focus is supported by several authors.

Methods: Simple past tense and passive voice are common.

Results: Simple past tense is often employed to report results, while charts, tables and diagrams are descibed in the present tense.

Discussion: Original hypotheses or research questions are restated in the simple past tense. Explanation of findings could be given in the simple past tense or using modal verbs. Comparison of results with other studies is in the present tense.

Abstract: Simple past tense is used to set the scene of the research topic. Simple past tense and present perfect tense are used to report the research methods and findings.