What are references in academic writing?
- References are used to tell readers where you found the information.
- References are written both in the text and at the end of the text.
- References are used for:
providing readers with useful background information;
providing the reliability of the research;
facilitating libraries to order books or journals;
assisting other writer finding the background material and using it, and
respecting the copyright of the writing.
- References are used in-text and at the end of papers (bibliography or reference list).
How to make in-text reference?
1. Quotation
A short quotation must appear between quotation marks. The identical words in the original writing should be used.
A short text is usually integrated well with your sentence.
Longer quotations (more then three lines) shall be initiated with an indented paragraph.
Examples:
Short quotation:
Miele stated, "The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
Long quotation
For example, Yule points out:
Pragmatics is appealing because it's about how people make sense of
each other linguistically, but it can be a frustrating area of study because it
requires us to make sense of people and what they have in mind.
(Yule 1996, p3.)
2. Paraphrase
Paraphrasing is using the viewpoints of an author without using the same expression.
Categorization of ideas of two or more authors often appears in paraphrasing.
Templates of paraphrasing include “according to”; “as stated by…(an author or authors)”, “In the view of …” etc.
3. In-text Citation
Integral reference
Integral reference aims to emphasize the writer in your paper.
Examples:
Baron (1998) also notes the emails, apart from being stylistically informal, usually tend to be shorter than telephone exchanges and often dispense with conventional opening and closing routines.
Non-integral reference
Non-integral reference appears at the end of the authorsˇ¦ viewpoint.
It relatively does not interrupt the information flow of the sentence.
Example:
For the interviewees, these concepts seemed to refer to language strategies on the one hand (Planken, 2005) and to what we know as ˇ§ effective business communication strategies ˇ¨ on the otherˇ¨(Munter, 2007).
Secondary citation
Secondary citation denotes borrowing ideas from another writerˇ¦s analysis of the original text.
Examples:
A study by Maslow (cited in Adler, 1997) suggested that the five basic needs of human beings (physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs) forms a hierarchy, and the higher ones only become activated when the lower one are satisfied.
How to compile a reference list?
References compiling tools
1. RefWorks: A references writing tool at the PolyU library (on-line tutorial)
2. Reference Machine: Automated formation of references in and at the end of the text
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